Practice the present perfect tense — formed with haber + past participle, used for recent or life experiences.

Master irregular verbs in past tenses — pretérito indefinido, pretérito perfecto, and pluscuamperfecto with irregular stems and participles.

The simple future — predictions, promises, and futuro after creo que / supongo que. Includes irregular stems.

Practice irregular future tense stems and reported speech — where future becomes conditional in indirect discourse.

Practice the conditional mood with irregular stems — in contexts of health, feelings, advice, and hypothetical situations.

Habits, general truths, instructions, and near-future plans — including key irregular verbs.

Past habits, ongoing descriptions, and background actions interrupted by something punctual.

Express how long an action has been happening — desde, desde hace, desde que, hace … que.

Past actions completed before another past action — había + past participle.

Seguir/llevar + gerundio, dejar de / acabar de / empezar a / volver a + infinitivo.

Actions in progress — present, past (estaba vs estuve + gerundio) and future progressive.

Past simple tense — completed actions at a specific point in the past. Regular -ar/-er/-ir endings plus the most common irregulars (estar, tener, hacer, ir/ser, poder, venir).

Choosing between pretérito indefinido (closed past: ayer, en 2010, el lunes) and pretérito perfecto (recent past linked to now: hoy, esta semana, ya, todavía no).

Choosing between pretérito imperfecto (descriptions, habits, background) and pretérito indefinido (specific completed actions). Often combined in one sentence with "cuando".

First-conditional patterns at A2 level. Si + presente de indicativo → futuro / imperativo / presente in the main clause.

Master the versatile preposition "de" — used for possession, origin, material, and description. Think of it as the preposition of identity.

The eternal duel — "para" is the destination (the goal, the end of the line), while "por" is the path (the cause, the route, the exchange).

Master the "essential six" prepositions you will use in almost every sentence — a, en, con, sin, sobre, and bajo.

Fixed verb + preposition pairs that don't translate literally from English — soñar CON, enamorarse DE, pensar EN, and more.

Gustar, doler, caer (bien/mal), interesar, importar, parecer, molestar, preocupar — pronoun + verb agrees with the thing.

Que, quien(es), el/la cual — and the indicative vs subjuntivo choice when the antecedent is unknown.

Para + infinitivo when the subject is the same; para que + subjuntivo when subjects differ.

Más/menos que, tan como, tanto/a/os/as como, irregulares (mayor, mejor…) and -ísimo.

Cuando + indicativo for present/past; + subjuntivo for the future; + futuro in indirect questions.

Si + presente → futuro/imperativo (real). Si + imperfecto de subjuntivo → condicional (improbable).

Direct & indirect object pronouns, including the le → se rule when both appear together.

Poco/un poco/mucho/bastante/demasiado — agreement and the poco vs un poco distinction.

Se + verbo for rules, recipes and ads — verb agrees with the thing in 3rd singular/plural.

Choosing between ser (identity, profession, character, nationality) and estar (location, mood, temporary state, condition). The boundary cases with adjectives.

Direct object (me, te, lo/la, nos, os, los/las) and indirect object (me, te, le, nos, os, les) pronouns — including the le → se shift when both pronouns appear together.

Impersonal obligation (hay que + infinitivo), permission (se puede + inf.) and prohibition (no se puede + inf.). All invariable — no subject agreement.

Polite expression of wishes — me/te/le/nos/os/les gustaría + infinitive. For improbable or hypothetical desires.

Numbers above 100 (with masc/fem agreement on the hundreds), thousands and millions, and Spanish date format "dos de enero de 1976".

Adjectives for mood and emotional state — always with estar (estoy enfadado, está harta…). Plus a few permanent character vs temporary mood contrasts.

Question words — qué, quién/quiénes, cuál/cuáles, cuándo, dónde, cómo, cuánto/a/os/as, por qué. Variables (quién, cuál, cuánto) agree in number/gender; invariables (qué, cuándo, dónde, cómo) do not. All carry a written accent.

Practice the present subjunctive mood — used for wishes, doubts, emotions, and hypothetical situations.

Master reported speech tense shifts — transform present → imperfect, present perfect → pluperfect, preterite → pluperfect, and imperatives → imperfect subjunctive.

Practice irregular imperative forms — both affirmative and negative tú commands, commonly used in everyday Spanish.

Me preocupa / es importante / me molesta… + infinitivo (mismo sujeto) o + que + subjuntivo (sujetos distintos).

Hablara/comiera/viviera — used in if-clauses (improbable) and after past introducers.

Reporting orders, requests, and advice — dijo/pidió/aconsejó que + (imperfecto de) subjuntivo.

Ser + participio (concordando con el sujeto pasivo) — used in news, history, and formal texts.

Quiero/espero/deseo/me gustaría + infinitivo (mismo sujeto) o + que + subjuntivo (sujetos distintos).

Basic reported speech — when the introductory verb is in the past, the present becomes imperfect, ir → iba, and questions keep the same word order with an added "si" when there is no interrogative.

Learn classic Spanish proverbs — complete the saying to build cultural fluency and impress native speakers.

A lo mejor + indicativo (no futuro). Quizás/probablemente + ind. o subj. Seguramente + futuro o pres. subj.

Polite request formulas — ¿Le importaría…? ¿Sería posible…? ¿Podría…? ¿Te importa que…?

¿Te importa + inf? (favor) · ¿Te importa que + subj? (permission) · ¿Quieres que + subj? (offering).

Form adverbs by adding -mente to the feminine adjective — and learn when to use which.

Common Spanish foods from the B1 syllabus — meat, fish, vegetables, dairy, staples.

Parts of the body, paired with verbs like doler — the high-frequency B1 list.

Professions, job-search vocabulary, and gender forms (camarero/a, juez/a, actriz…).

Sports, gear, venues, and arts/culture vocabulary from the B1 chapter on espectáculos.

Hotel and room vocabulary — facilities, services, room amenities.

Weather expressions — clouds, rain, fog, storms, and the verbs hacer/estar/haber for weather.

Clothes and accessories — chaqueta, bufanda, pendientes, traje, paraguas, and more.

Vocabulary for daily routine — reflexive verbs (despertarse, ducharse, peinarse…) and common errand verbs (hacer la compra, planchar la ropa).

Rooms and furniture — salón, dormitorio, cuarto de baño, cocina, plus the most common pieces of furniture you find in each.

Common adjectives for personality and character — amable, simpático, antipático, tranquilo, nervioso, divertido, aburrido, egoísta, cariñoso…

Cooking ingredients, basic cooking verbs (cocer, freír, mezclar…) and restaurant vocabulary (camarero, primer plato, postre, la cuenta).

Verbs and vocab to talk about someone’s life — nacer, estudiar, casarse, divorciarse, trasladarse, morirse — combined with pretérito indefinido.

Family vocabulary at A2 — marido/mujer, padres, hijos, novio/a, hermanos, abuelos, tíos, primos, sobrinos, cuñados, suegros, nietos.

Film genres at A2 — policíaca, comedia, ciencia ficción, terror, guerra, acción, oeste, musical, fantasía, aventuras, histórica.

Means of transport — autobús, bicicleta, autocar, metro, moto, taxi, tren, avión, barco, andando — and location expressions — delante de, detrás de, al lado de, cerca de, lejos de, enfrente de, a la derecha/izquierda de, en el cruce, en la esquina.

Adjectives that describe the state of things — lleno/vacío, cerrado/abierto, limpio/sucio, frío/caliente, roto, libre/ocupado, viejo, nuevo, reservado, desordenado. Used with estar.

Professions (mecánico, dependiente, peluquero, cocinero, programador, periodista…), workplaces (oficina, empresa, taller, tienda, hospital), work-related verbs (buscar/encontrar trabajo, enviar el currículum, hacer una entrevista, tener experiencia), and newspaper sections.

Environment (medioambiente, contaminación, gases tóxicos, ozono, espacio, milenio), politics (elecciones, partido político, votar, gobierno, pensiones, sanidad, educación) and opinion adjectives (divertido, raro, interesante, aburrido, maravilloso, horrible, romántico…).

Useful everyday objects — grapadora, tijeras, calculadora, cafetera, impresora, sacacorchos, llavero, agenda, monedero, archivador, pegamento, toalla, termómetro, ventilador, lavadora, sobre, regla, anillo, llave, frigorífico/nevera.